Ptaquiloside concentrations were determined using recent advances in the use of LC-MS for the detection and quantification of ptaquiloside. We also investigated the impact of different management regimes (spraying, cutting and rolling on ptaquiloside concentrations at plot-scale in six locations in Northern Ireland, UK. In this study the risk of ptaquiloside to drinking water was assessed by quantifying ptaquiloside in the receiving waters at three drinking water abstraction sites across Ireland and in bracken fronds surrounding the abstraction sites. There is an urgent need to increase empirical evidence to understand the scale of phytotoxin mobilisation and potential to enter into the environment. Ptaquiloside in Irish Bracken Ferns and Receiving Waters, with Implications for Land Managersĭirectory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)įull Text Available Ptaquiloside, along with other natural phytotoxins, is receiving increased attention from scientists and land use managers. Rainfall further determined the concentration in a stream that drained a bracken-covered catchment, suggesting that this is a potent driver of ptaquiloside exposure in the environment. fronds (the leaves of ferns) in concentrations up to 169 µ/L during rainfall events. It was shown that ptaquiloside leached off bracken. PTA was detected in concentrations up to 2.2 µg/L in natural waters receiving drainage from bracken populations, and was found in both surface and groundwater. on the fate of PTA in the soil-water system, from where it may leach to drinking water sources. Contents of more than 1% ptaquiloside on dry weight has been detected in bracken (Pteridium spp.), a fern distributed across the globe in often dense populations. The naturally occurring phytotoxin ptaquiloside (PTA) has long been known to be both acute toxic and carcinogenic. The aim of the study was to determine whether ptaquiloside is present in bracken spores, and if so, to estimate its content.Įnvironmental Fate and Analysis of Ptaquiloside from the Bracken Fern Ptaquiloside has not previously been identified in bracken spores. been postulated that carcinogens could also be ingested through breathing air containing bracken spores. The main carcinogen is the highly water-soluble norsesquiterpene glucoside ptaquiloside, which may be ingested by humans through food, e.g. Secondary metabolites from bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) are suspected of causing cancer in humans. Rasmussen, Lars Holm Schmidt, Bjørn Sheffield, Elizabeth Ptaquiloside in bracken spores from Britain
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